酒店空调维修技术：制冷装置容易出现哪些故障？

Hotel air conditioning maintenance technology: what are the malfunctions of refrigeration equipment?

制冷装置的故障分析——压缩机在运行中突然停车或者停开频繁在制冷装置的故障中，以“漏”和堵“引起的故障为最普遍。

The failure analysis of the refrigerating device - the compressor in the operation of the sudden stop or stop frequently in the failure of the refrigeration device, "leakage" and "plug" caused by the most common.

“漏”——就是制冷剂的泄漏。

"Leakage" - the leakage of refrigerant.

特别是氟里昂制冷剂的渗透性很强，装置稍有不严密处。制冷剂就会泄漏。这一方面造成制冷剂的不足，使制冷量量下降：另一方面在装置的低压部分往往有空气渗入，从而引起高压升高，压缩机耗功增大，制冷量下降。为此不仅在安装中要严格，而且平时在运行管理中，要勤检查，旦发现有漏及时排除。

In particular, freon refrigerant is highly permeable and the device is slightly imprecise. The refrigerant will leak. This has caused the shortage of refrigerants and reduced the volume of refrigerants. On the other hand, the low pressure parts of the device often have air infiltration, which causes high pressure to increase, the power consumption of the compressor is increased, and the cooling capacity is reduced. For this reason, it is necessary not only to be strict in installation, but also to check frequently in operation and management.

“堵”——最普遍的是脏堵和冰堵。

"Plugging" - the most common is the dirty plugs and ice plugs.

冰堵多数发生在膨胀閥上，这是由于制冷剂中含有水分，当制冷剂经膨胀阀时，因节流降温，使水分析出并结成冰粒，部分或全部堵塞膨胀阀的阀孔。冰塞后，因制冷剂流急剧减小，故使制冷量下降，蒸发器及回气管霜层柔和，库温降不下来。

Most of the ice plugging occurs on the expansion valve, which is due to the moisture in the refrigerant. When the refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, the water is analyzed and formed into ice particles because of the throttle, and some or all of the valve holes in the expansion valve are blocked. After the ice jam, the refrigerant flow decreased sharply, resulting in the reduction of refrigerating capacity, the softness of evaporator and the air return layer, and the lowering of the temperature of the reservoir.

脏堵是由脏物引起的堵塞，多数发生在干燥器，过滤器，膨胀阀进口滤网等处，有时在管路阀件上也会发生。

Dirt blockage is caused by dirt, most of which occurs in desiccator, filter, expansion valve inlet screen and so on, sometimes on pipeline valve parts.

此外，在—60℃以下的低温设备中，还会在膨胀阀阀孔上发生油堵。这是由于使用了凝固电过高的润滑油，当容解于氟里昂制冷剂中的润滑油，经过阀孔被节流后的低温部分分析出，并成糊状粘在阀片上造成堵塞。

In addition, there will be oil plugging on the valve hole of the expansion valve in the cryogenic equipment below 60 degrees Celsius. This is due to the use of high coagulant oil, when the lubricating oil is dissolved in the Freon refrigerant, it is analyzed by the low temperature part of the valve hole after the throttle, and it is stuck on the valve piece by the paste.

容易出现的问题

An easy problem

1、排气压力升高，超过允许值，压力继电器自动切断电源，压缩机就实行保护性停车。引起高压升高的主要原因有：装置中有空气。空气在常温下不能凝成液体，因此空气积贮在冷凝器内，其结果会减弱冷凝器的传热效果，造成冷凝温度和冷凝压力均升高。同时空气本身也具有一定的分压力，排气压力应是冷凝压力与空气分压力之和。综合这两个因素，使排气压力升高，随之排气温度也升高，如用手摸排气管和气缸盖，将会很烫手。

1. When the exhaust pressure rises, more than the allowable value, the pressure relay automatically cuts off the power supply, and the compressor performs protective parking. The main causes of high pressure rise are: air in the device. The air can not be condensed into liquid at normal temperature, so the air is stored in the condenser. The result will weaken the heat transfer effect of the condenser, and cause the condensation temperature and the condensation pressure to rise. At the same time, the air itself also has certain partial pressure. The exhaust pressure should be the sum of condensing pressure and air partial pressure. Combining these two factors, the exhaust pressure will rise, and the exhaust temperature will also rise. If you touch the exhaust pipe and cylinder head, you will be very hot.

◎装置中有了空气，在排放空气之前应检查空气是如何进入系统的，造成空气进入装置的原因有：一是低压段有渗透漏点，尤其是低温制冷装置，吸气压力低于大气压、一旦低压段有渗点，则空气就会渗入装置。最易渗漏的地方是轴封和管路接头处。如发现渗漏点，应及时排除。二是加制冷剂前，装置内空气末抽干净，或是在添加剂制冷剂（或添加润滑油）时。操作不严密，空气渗入系统。

There is air in the device. Before discharging air, it should be checked how air enters the system. The cause of air entry is: one is that there is a leakage point in the low pressure section, especially the cryogenic refrigeration device, the suction pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure, and once the low pressure section is permeable, the air will infiltrate into the device. The most easily leaking places are shaft seals and pipe joints. If the leakage point is found, it should be eliminated in time. The two is to clean up the air in the device before adding refrigerant, or when the additive refrigerant (or add lubricating oil) is added. The operation is not tight, the air infiltrates into the system.

◎冷却水量（或风量）不足或水量调节阀失灵。冷却水量（或风量）不足，则冷却水（或风）带走的热量减小，使冷凝的温度升高，排气压力随之升高。造成冷却水量不足的原因有：冷却水进水阀开度太小：或是水压太低（一般应在0.1Mpa以上）：或是进水管路有堵塞：或是水量调节阀失灵等，要判断这一点，可在制冷装置运行过程中，测冷却水进出的温差。正常情况，一般温差在2—4℃，若该温度超过这数据较大，则能判定冷却水量不足，因为随着冷却水量的降低，水在冷凝器内流动时间增长，则使进出水温差大。

Insufficient cooling water (or air volume) or water control valve failure. When the cooling water volume (or air volume) is insufficient, the heat from the cooling water (or the wind) takes off, causing the condensation temperature to rise and the exhaust pressure to rise. The reasons for the insufficient cooling water amount are: the cooling water inlet valve is too small, or the water pressure is too low (usually above 0.1Mpa), or the inlet pipe is blocked, or the water regulation valve is out of order. To judge this point, the temperature difference in the cooling water can be measured during the operation of the cooling device. Normally, the general temperature difference is 2 - 4 C. If the temperature is larger than this data, the cooling water can be judged to be insufficient, because with the decrease of the cooling water, the increase of the flow time in the condenser makes the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the water.

在冷却的制冷装置中，由于风机未开，周围环境气温太高（高于40℃），冷凝器等散热效率很低，都会使压力显著上升。在这种情况下，即使没有压力继电器，也会因电机超载使热电器动作而切断电源。

In the cooling system, the air temperature is too high (higher than 40 degrees C) and the cooling efficiency of the condenser is very low because the fan is not open, and the pressure will rise significantly. In this case, even if there is no pressure relay, the motor will be cut off because of overload.

装有水量调节阀的制冷装置中，若水源的水压足够，但冷凝器的冷却水供应不足，这时，就应该检查水量调节阀是否有问题.

In a refrigeration device equipped with a water regulating valve, if the water pressure of the water source is sufficient, the cooling water supply of the condenser is insufficient. At this time, it is necessary to check the problem of the water regulating valve.

◎冷凝器有水垢。有了水垢后热阻增大，传热效果大大下降，造成冷凝温度升高，排气压力相应的升高。

The condenser has scale. With the increase of heat resistance, the heat transfer effect is greatly reduced, resulting in an increase in condensation temperature and a corresponding increase in exhaust pressure.

◎制冷剂太多。制冷装置中加入的制冷剂量太多，结果多余制冷剂占去冷凝器的一部分容积，使冷凝器传热面积减小，从而引起高压升高。

There are too many refrigerants. The refrigerant added in the refrigerating device is too much, and the excess refrigerant accounts for a part of the condenser's volume, which reduces the heat transfer area of the condenser and causes the high pressure to rise.

◎排气管道不畅通或油分离器进口滤网堵塞。

The exhaust pipe is not smooth or the filter inlet of the oil separator is blocked.

2、低压（即吸气压力）过低低于允许值，压力继电器自动切断电源，保护性停车。

2, low pressure (i.e. suction pressure) is too low below the allowable value, pressure relay automatically cut off the power supply, protective parking.

3、油压太低，供油压力低于调定值，结果油压继电器动作，切断电源停车。

3, the oil pressure is too low, the oil supply pressure is lower than the setting value, resulting in the operation of the oil pressure relay, cutting off the power supply to stop.

4、电动机超载，造成热继电器动作，或保险丝熔断，切断电源而停车。

4, motor overload, causing thermal relay action, or fuse fuse, cut off the power and stop.